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Chad
Scale: It has been estimated (by UNICEF Chad) that thousands of hand-drilled wells are used for irrigation. More than 300 have been installed specifically for drinking water supply (230 were constructed since 2006, of which 130 were for Internally Displaced Persons).

Expertise: 83 local hand-drilling enterprises have been identified in Chad. Of these, 43 have been registered in a database (maintained by UNICEF Chad) and have been given further training in hydrogeology, well drilling, management and business skills. A total of 20 controllers have also been trained. 

Techniques: Hand augering, sludging and jetting are the three method deployed in Chad. The jetting method is the most commonly used method. 

Pumps installed on hand drilled wells: India and Vergnet.

History: Wells have been drilled manually in Chad since 1965. The Peace Corps were using the techniques in 1980 and Care International between 1987 and 1990 for safe drinking water supply and irrigation. With the support of these organisations, numerous drillers were trained.

As demand increased, more enterprises began to drill but they lacked the necessary technical skills. Poor construction quality led to a loss of confidence in manual drilling and a belief that the wells collapse easily and cause pollution of shallow groundwater.

In 2005, UNICEF Chad took the lead in a re-emerging manual drilling sector. PRACTICA and Oxfam undertook a feasibility study in September 2005. A strategy was adopted by the Ministry of Hydraulics to professionalize and scale-up up manual drilling.

Standards: Technical standards have been developed for manually drilled wells (30 to 50 m in depth) and adopted by Government (Ministry of Fisheries, Pastoral and Rural Hydraulics, no date).

Average Costs: Irrigation wells – US$ 300, Drinking water wells – US$ 2,500 to 4,000 (higher costs include pump and training).

Suitable Areas: 55% of the southern part of the Chadian territory: Kanem, Hadjer-Lamis, Logone, Tandjillé,Mayo-Kebbi East, Guera, and the South-East.

Estimated potential target population: 70% (this is a qualitative estimate made by UNICEF and the Ministry of Hydraulics. In Chad, manual drilling is very suitable in the most populated areas

Hydrogeological Mapping has been undertaken to identify suitable areas for manual drilling. Maps are available (see documentation below).

Water Quality: No documents published. No specific issues have been raised.

Organisations involved: Ministry of Fisheries, Pastoral and Rural Hydraulics, UNICEF, PRACTICA, World Bank, Chadian Chamber of Trade and Private Sector, African Development Bank (AfDB).

Documentation: