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May-day! May-Day! Our handpumps are not working!
Estimates say that in Africa at all time 30% of the handpumps are not working.
As with most complex issues, this failure has many causes. For sustained provision of rural water it is necessary that a variety of conditions are fulfilled, we need:
hard conditions such as human resources and suitable technologies;
financial conditions such as availability of finance for capital expenditure, and ability of users to pay for services.
For a functioning system, all conditions have to be in place. Where one or more are missing the system is endangered or might collapse completely.
The downfall of handpumps is that they are
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